Now retired from the military and from business,
Carter still is acting like a medic — only this time, he's helping his fellow
veterans who are fighting for their benefits, as well as their lives.
Carter, who lives in McMinnville, is chairman of the
C-123 Veterans Association, an organization pushing for justice for the air
crew members, medics and nurses who flew in planes that carried Agent Orange
during the Vietnam War.
Fifteen hundred to 2,000 people staffed the
contaminated planes between 1972 to 1982, Carter said. Some flew in them one
year, others the entire time. All were exposed to Agent Orange, raising the
likelihood they would contract cancer and other diseases, or give birth to
children with defects.
"When we started flying those planes, we knew
they've been used for Agent Orange, but we didn't know how dangerous it
was," said Carter, a disabled veteran who suffers from cancer and heart
problems.
Back then, crews understood neither the toxicity of
the chemical nor that exposure was unavoidable in the contaminated planes. "It was the era of exposure innocence," he
said. "We knew it was Agent Orange, but we didn't know about Agent
Orange."
If they only had known then what they know now, he
said, they could have refused to fly in contaminated planes. As a flight
examiner, Carter could have declared them unsafe. Or the Air Force could have
had all the former Agent Orange carriers decontaminated.
Instead, crews scrubbed out visible Agent Orange
residue the best they could, and used air fresheners in an attempt to cover the
residual odor. When the chemicals made pilots too nauseated, they turned back.
Years later, Carter said, the Air Force tested the
planes and officially declared them contaminated. But it didn't notify vets
that they had been exposed to toxic chemicals — something any private business
would have been required to do, he said.
"In their decision memo, the AF wrote that
there'd be no notice to the veterans because the military wished to avoid
'undue distress,'" Carter said bitterly. "How nice."
Some of the people who flew on the C-123s ended up
retiring from the military after completing a career or, like Carter, being
injured on duty. They qualify for veteran's benefits, unrelated to any Agent
Orange claims.
But many of those who were exposed don't qualify for
medical benefits — at least not yet, though Carter aims to change that. He said
numerous experts — including his own VA doctor and the Oregon Health Sciences
University — have attested to the fact Agent Orange exposure increases the
chance of contracting cancer by 200%, in addition to causing other kinds of
extreme harm.
Yet the Veterans Administration routinely turns down
claims from members of C-123 flight crews. That process can take about two
years, Carter said, and the ensuring appeal process can take another five.
Appeals filed so far have been successful, he said.
But the vets, many of them now in their 60s, are left to fend for themselves
during the application and appeal process, often burning through their life
savings and going into debt to pay for medical treatment.
Some have lost their homes. Some have died wondering
whether the families they leave behind will be able to resurface after nearly
drowning in bills.
Carter's best friend was one of those. Paul Bailey of
New Hampshire, with whom Carter co-founded the C-123 Veterans Association, died
Oct. 28 of aggressive prostate cancer.
Bailey spent the last years of his life wrangling
with the VA and worrying about expenses. But in a way, he was one of the lucky
ones.
Shortly before his death, he called Carter in tears.
"I got my benefits," he said. "Now my wife can stay in our
home."
The idea that any ill person has to worry and fight
for their due offends Carter. The idea that his best friend had to fight the VA
in addition to fighting terminal cancer makes him angry. "They should be able to focus on their health
and their family," he said. "They're not supposed to be put through
the ringer."
Carter and Bailey were not only best friends, but
also lived closely parallel lives. Both Army brats, they grew up in Tacoma and
attended Clover Park High School, although they wouldn't meet until years
later.
Bailey graduated in 1963 and became a medic in the
Army. He would go on to college, earning bachelor's and master's degrees,
before entering the Air Force Reserve.
Carter finished high school in 1964 in France, where
his father had been transferred by the military.
He enrolled at San Diego State, then transferred to
the University of Maryland, before enlisting in the Army. He would finished his
degree years later, just before he was commissioned.
Carter first trained as an Army enlisted medical
corpsman. He was responsible for taking care of 200 men in the field, whether
that meant attending to the wounded, lancing boils or checking sanitation and
food safety.
He was good at the job, he said, and the job was good
for him.
"My attitude was adjusted by being a
medic," he said. "No politics. Just caring for people. "To save somebody's life," he said,
"that stays with you forever."
After his Army tour of duty, Carter transferred to
the Air Force Reserve. He combined his volunteer military job with his "day job" as Agfa's National Marketing Manager.
Not long after that, he met Bailey. They flew
together for a few months before realizing their common background in
Washington state and the Army.
Based at Westover Air Force Base near Boston, they
became close friends as they flew the same flights. They won their commissions
on the same day and were the first to salute one another. They deployed
together to the Gulf War.
Generally with Air Force aeromedical evacuation such
as Bailey and Carter's missions, two medics and two nurses worked together to
care for the patients being moved from hospital to hospital — from an Army
hospital in Germany to one in the U.S., for instance, or from the battlefield
to a treatment center in a safer part of the world.
Sometimes they flew on a C-130, but mostly it was a
C-123. Their unit had 24 C-123s assigned to it, 10 of them former Vietnam Agent
Orange carriers.
Designed during WWII, the C-123 was prized because
its combination of propeller and, when added later, jet engines allowed it to
take off and land on very short airfields. And more than 40 patients could be
stacked in its bays.
It wasn't built for comfort, though. The ride was
rough, the interior was always either too hot or too cold, and "it had no
coffee pot and no bathrooms," Carter said with a smile.
The reservists gave the functional planes nicknames,
mostly affectionate: Ponderous Polly and Thunder Pig, for example. They called
a special one "Patches" because it had taken over 1560 combat hits in
Vietnam — antiaircraft fire that had punctured its pressured tanks of Agent
Orange, leaving sticky residue in every crevice.
"The C-123 was no Cadillac, but it would get you
home," he said. "That was the holy mission with patients
aboard."
Nobody thought about the crews' health problems that
would surface years later.
Carter retired in the early 1990s, after his Gulf War
injury left him disabled with neck and back problems. Bailey continued on until
2006, when he ended his career at 37 years.
Bailey stayed on the East Coast, while Carter and his
wife, Joan, made the move to Oregon in 2002.
"We were looking for a place on the West
Coast," he said. "We saw the air museum, we stopped for coffee and we
met Elaine Taylor."
He said the retiring school superintendent told them
all about the McMinnville, and the chance conversation ended up changing their
lives. In fact, they bought Taylor's house when she moved away.
"This is a special town," he said, noting
in particular the number of military and civilian aviation workers drawn here
by the museum.
Although they were on different sides of the country,
Carter and Bailey kept in close touch over the years.
In 2011, when he was diagnosed with prostate cancer,
Carter phoned his friend. "I have cancer, too," Bailey told him,
revealing that he had a more aggressive, faster moving form of the disease.
They knew of many other former colleagues who also
were sick: their wing commander, the chief nurse, the flight surgeon, to name
but a few. Too many people from a small group for it to be a coincidence.
"So very many were dying of cancer, ALS, heart disease
... " Carter said. "And all of us had the Agent Orange exposure in
common."
So Carter and Bailey formed their group to advocate
for C-123 veterans and help them work through the process of getting benefits.
Members of the group have testified in Washington, D.C., and recruited members
of Congress to their cause, including Oregon's Suzanne Bonamici and Jeff
Merkley.
Carter went on to write a book about his group and
the roadblocks it has been facing. It's available through the Internet.
The cover features a photo of a crew in hazmat chemical protection suits
in front of one of the C-123s — an inspection team suited up for a brief check
of the plane before it was destroyed as hazardous waste in 2010.
Carter noted, "When we were in those planes for
hours, we wore regular flight suits."
